Hacking Exposed 6th Edition - Network Security Secrets and Solutions

Hacking Exposed 6th Edition - Network Security Secrets and Solutions

AT A GLANCE

Casing the Establishment
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
IAAAS—It’s All About Anonymity, Stupid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Tor-menting the Good Guys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1 Footprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
What Is Footprinting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Why Is Footprinting Necessary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Internet Footprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Step 1: Determine the Scope of Your Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Step 2: Get Proper Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Step 3: Publicly Available Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Step 4: WHOIS & DNS Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Step 5: DNS Interrogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Step 6: Network Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

 2 Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Determining If the System Is Alive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Determining Which Services Are Running or Listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Scan Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Identifying TCP and UDP Services Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Windows-Based Port Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Port Scanning Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
xiv Hacking Exposed 6: Network Security Secrets & Solutions
Detecting the Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Active Stack Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Passive Stack Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3 Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Basic Banner Grabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Enumerating Common Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148


Part II System Hacking
Case Study: DNS High Jinx—Pwning the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4 Hacking Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
What’s Not Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Unauthenticated Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Authentication Spoofi ng Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Remote Unauthenticated Exploits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Authenticated Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Privilege Escalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Extracting and Cracking Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Remote Control and Back Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Port Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Covering Tracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
General Countermeasures to Authenticated Compromise . . . . . . . . 202
Windows Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Windows Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Automated Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Security Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Security Policy and Group Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Bitlocker and the Encrypting File System (EFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Windows Resource Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Integrity Levels, UAC, and LoRIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Data Execution Prevention (DEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Service Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Compiler-based Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Coda: The Burden of Windows Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

5 Hacking Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
The Quest for Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
A Brief Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Contents xv
Vulnerability Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Remote Access vs. Local Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Data-Driven Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
I Want My Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Common Types of Remote Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Local Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
After Hacking Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
What Is a Sniffer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
How Sniffers Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Popular Sniffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Rootkit Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308


Part III Infrastructure Hacking
Case Study: Read It and WEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 

6 Remote Connectivity and VoIP Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Preparing to Dial Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
War-Dialing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Peripheral Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Brute-Force Scripting—The Homegrown Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
A Final Note About Brute-Force Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
PBX Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Voicemail Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Virtual Private Network (VPN) Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Basics of IPSec VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Voice over IP Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Attacking VoIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

7 Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Autonomous System Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Normal traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
traceroute with ASN Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
show ip bgp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Public Newsgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Service Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

xvi Hacking Exposed 6: Network Security Secrets & Solutions
Network Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
OSI Layer 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
OSI Layer 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
OSI Layer 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Misconfi gurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Route Protocol Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Management Protocol Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

8 Wireless Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Wireless Footprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
War-Driving Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Wireless Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Wireless Scanning and Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Wireless Sniffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Wireless Monitoring Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Identifying Wireless Network Defenses and Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . 470
SSID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
MAC Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Gaining Access (Hacking 802.11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
SSID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
MAC Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
WEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Attacks Against the WEP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Tools That Exploit WEP Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
LEAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
WPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Attacks Against the WPA Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

9 Hacking Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Physical Access: Getting in the Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Hacking Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Default Confi gurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Owned Out of the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Standard Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Reverse Engineering Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Mapping the Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Sniffi ng Bus Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Firmware Reversing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
JTAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Contents xvii
Part IV Application and Data Hacking
Case Study: Session Riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

10 Hacking Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Common Exploit Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Buffer Overfl ows and Design Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Input Validation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Common Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
People: Changing the Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Process: Security in the Development Lifecycle (SDL) . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Recommended Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

11 Web Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Web Server Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Sample Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Source Code Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Canonicalization Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Server Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Buffer Overfl ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Web Server Vulnerability Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Web Application Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Finding Vulnerable Web Apps with Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Web Crawling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Web Application Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Common Web Application Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

12 Hacking the Internet User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Internet Client Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
A Brief History of Internet Client Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
JavaScript and Active Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Cross-Frame/Domain Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
SSL Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Payloads and Drop Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
E-Mail Hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Instant Messaging (IM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Microsoft Internet Client Exploits and Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . 604
General Microsoft Client-Side Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Why Not Use Non-Microsoft Clients? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

xviii Hacking Exposed 6: Network Security Secrets & Solutions
Socio-Technical Attacks: Phishing and Identity Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Phishing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Annoying and Deceptive Software: Spyware, Adware, and Spam . . . . . . . 619
Common Insertion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Blocking, Detecting, and Cleaning Annoying and
Deceptive Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Malware Variants and Common Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

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Syngress - Stealing the Network How to own the box

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Thomson - Guide to Linux Shell Script Programming Free Download

Thomson - Guide to Linux Shell Script Programming

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Best Free Internet Speed Test Websites

Best Free Internet Speed Test Websites

Speed Test for Desktop Computers

Now days Internet speed test becomes a very popular way for users to check their 3G wireless or home office broadband network downloading and uploading bandwidth in Kbit/S or KBytes/S, or in some cases when additional VPN connection is involved, the speed test is a good measure to verify if the VPN service provides promised network performance. So whenever you start a new internet connection, before any web browsing activities, we strongly suggest everyone to perform a reliable network connection speed test, here is our compilation of the best online network speed test websites, bookmark this website and come back to perform speed test whenever you need.

www.speedtest.net  - Global most popular speed test service provided by Ookla

www.speakeasy.net/speedtest – USA’s best speed test website since day one

www.bandwidthplace.com – Fancy speed test web from USA, Europe and Aisa

www.speed.io – All-in-one versatile network speed test and connection performance test
www.dslreports.com/stest – One of the oldest speed test service for Java, Flash and Mobile

speedtest.comcast.net – USA Internet speed test from Cable Provider ComCast

my.verizon.com/micro/speedtest/broadband – Fiber internet speed test from Verizon Fios

www.att.com/speedtest – USA ISP speed test from USA Mobile Provider AT&T

www6.sprint.com/landings/speedtest/?ECID=vanity:speedtest – CDMA data mobile network speed test from Sprint USA

www.zdnet.com/broadband-speedtest – Broadband speed test from ZDNET

www.youtube.com/my_speed – Google YouTube Video Speed 30 days History

ipv6-test.com/speedtest – Speed Test from France, Romania and India

speedtest.xmission.com – XMission Speed test web app

speedtest.vonage.com – Speed test for Vonage VOIP phone service

www.schoolspeedtest.org – USA school campus network internet speed test

speedtest.sonic.net/ookla – Internet speed check from Sonic ISP

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Hack Proofing Linux Free Download Linux Ebook

Hack Proofing Linux Free Download

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Unix and Linux Commands guide free download full Second Edition

Introduction to the Command Line

The Fat-Free Guide to Unix and Linux Commands
                                                                                                        Second Edition

  

Contents at a Glance

Introduction ................................................................................. 13

 Section 1: Overview of Unix, Linux and BSD Architecture ............. 17
 

Section 2: Command Line Basics .................................................. 25
 

Section 3: Advanced Shell Features and Commands .................... 45
 

Section 4: Text Editing and Extraction .......................................... 67
 

Section 5: Users, Groups, and Security ......................................... 89
 

Section 6: Process Control and Scheduling .................................. 115
 

Section 7: Startup and Shutdown .............................................. 131
 

Section 8: Network Commands.................................................. 149
 

Section 9: Hardware Management Commands .......................... 177
 

Section 10: File Systems ............................................................ 187
 

Section 11: Backup and Restore Commands ............................... 203
 

Section 12: Monitoring and Troubleshooting ............................. 211
 

Section 13: Printing Commands ................................................. 235
 

Section 14: Software Installation ............................................... 243
 

Section 15: System Administration Utilities ................................ 257
 

Appendix A: Bash Shortcut Keys ................................................ 261
 

Appendix B: Command Line Cheat Sheet ................................... 263
 

Appendix C: Command Cross Reference ..................................... 267

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Free Download Advanced Linux Programming PDF

Free Download Advanced Linux Programming PDF

Contents At a Glance
I Advanced UNIX Programming
with Linux

1 Getting Started

2 Writing Good GNU/Linux Software

3 Processes

4 Threads

5 Interprocess Communication

II Mastering Linux

6 Devices

7 The /proc File System

8 Linux System Calls

9 Inline Assembly Code

10 Security

11 A Sample GNU/Linux Application

III Appendixes

A Other Development Tools

B Low-Level I/O

C Table of Signals

D Online Resources

E Open Publication License Version 1.0

F GNU General Public

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113.212.125.30:8080
 
222.124.130.204:8080
 
2.184.6.10:8080
 
118.174.144.30:80
 
93.89.108.33:3128
 
202.70.85.10:8080
 
117.218.37.27:3128
 
62.64.9.129:3128
 
181.15.244.250:3128
 
186.93.166.106:8080
 
62.24.103.194:8081
 
87.236.212.152:8090
 
178.23.227.47:8080
 
211.130.158.86:80
 
31.47.37.42:8080
 
186.101.94.214:80
 
27.147.190.126:80
 
109.238.184.211:3128
 
80.78.232.26:3128
 
5.63.159.22:31288
 
64.78.77.126:80
 
186.16.203.70:8080
 
85.185.42.5:8080
 
177.140.4.239:3128
 
200.150.66.226:3128
 
203.130.240.36:3129
 
85.235.199.99:8081
 
115.186.131.90:9999
 
190.85.203.194:8080
 
190.121.20.61:3128
 
86.120.196.242:8080
 
37.152.162.33:3128
 


201.249.25.20:8080
 
186.215.231.211:8080
 
94.200.108.10:3128
 
54.247.171.99:443
 
201.76.172.110:8080

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